mungkin kali ini gue gak ngebahas tentang gue atau pun lingkungan sekitar gue. tugas, itulah yang selalu didengar setiap hari oleh mahasiswa pada umumnya. gue dapet tugas dari seorang dosen yang sabar menurut gue. ya, namanya Citra Kusuma. beliau sedang menjalani S2 nya. tetapi beliau tidak pernah mengeluh tentang jadwalnya yang padat.
gue mau sharing sedikit tentang ubuntu. ini sekaligus menuntaskan tugas yang belum diselesaikan. gue terpaksa harus nge-post materi tentang ubuntu karena itu adalah tugas dari beliau. bisa di donlot di sini(ubuntu.pdf). saya harap ini bermanfaat. terima kasih
*RD*
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Maret 22, 2012
Desember 21, 2011
Kehidupan Kampus Yang Menyenangkan
kali ini gue cerita temen gue. Namanya Edwin. Dia tinggal di suatu gubuk dengan fasilitas serba mewah. Gue juga gak nyangka banget kehidupannya bakal serumit apa. Ibaratnya si kancil, dia punya sejuta cara buat ngehadepin masalah. Wow , gila gak tuh.
Gue juga kagak tau kenapa tempat itu kita namakan satelit. Di sekitar tempet itu juga ada bermacam macam barang gak guna yang bisa dijual lagi di pasaran. Contohnya besi, triplek, dan lain lain. Kali ini gue gak akan nyebutin satu persatu apa aja yang ada di sekitar satelit.
'EHEM SEPO REKK!'
kata-kata itu terdengar nyaring di telinga gue. Gue akhirnya liat Edwin yang mukanya melas banget karena sesuatu. Sesuatu banget yah. Gue mikir. Setengah jam lagi gue masih tetap mikir. Gue akhirnya nyadar diri kenapa dia ngeliatin tas gue kayak ada yang spesial di dalem tas gue. TERERET TEREEEEET. Gue akhirnya inget sama suatu benda. Rokok.
'INI MAKSUD LO?'
'nah lo paham apa yang gue mau', kata Edwin.
BRAKKK!
Gue barusan ngelemparin rokok ke muka dia. Tanpa basa basi dia pun nyalakan korek. Dia ngehisap pelan banget. Gue tau kenapa dia ngehisapnya pelan banget, dia adalah orang teririt yang pernah gue temuin. Hahaaha...
gue jalan muter muter satelit ternyata ada sebuah ruangan terkunci. Gue intip. Kenapa ruangan ini ada kasurnya ? Gue juga kagak tau kenapa bisa terkunci rapat dan berkarat. Suram banget tempatnya. Terasingkan.
Sementara itu gue lagi nunggu dosen pemalas yang suka kagak masuk dan ternyata dosen pun bisa titip absen lewat dosen lain. Ya, dosen ini bernama Henggar. Muka tua tapi jiwa muda. Kadang kalo ada yang basa basi ngasih materi, beliau malah gak suka. Anehnya dosen inibaru ngasih materi sekali selama empat kali pertemuan.
Kembali lagi cerita Edwin. Gue gak sengaja juga ambil foto dia pas lagi tidur di satelit. Mahasiswa emang gini tidur seenaknya di sembarang tempat. Nah ini dia wajahnya pas kebangun dari tidur panjangnya.
Udah pada tau kan wajah dia kayak apa? Ganteng sih, tapi jorok anaknya. Dia suka curhat gitu tentang pacarnya. Memang dia perokok berat tapi dia gak pernah minum alkohol kayak gue. Dia suka banget ngeliatin boxer dia ke temen temen. Emang lo doang yang punya boxer bagus ? Dia pernah curhat juga ke gue kalo dia sekarang barusan putus dari kekasihnya. Dia yang begitu setia akhirnya dihianati kekasihnya. Miris. Kalo pun ada pundak siapapun di samping gue sekarang gue bakal nangis. Huhuhu.
Enggak enggak gue kagak nangis. Yang ada gue lagi mikirin kapan gue punya pacar. Ya, gue lebih baik single dari pada nemuin cewek kemudian gue jatuh cinta tapi ternyata dia jatuh cinta ke yang lain. Tuh kan gue maunangis lagi. Huhuhu. Pinjem pundak gaston dong? Hihi.
*RD*
September 24, 2011
Entah kenapa gue liat foto ini terasa mesra banget yak. kembar sih enggak. ada sesuatu. nah, kita ada di circle tepatnya ada di bawean, surabaya. asik loh tempatnya. sebenernya ada lagi temen gue yang ngikut tapi dia pobhia banget sama kamera agak gimana gitu ya. kadang nongkrong butuh temen banyak. menurut gue nongkrong butuh tempat yang asik kayak di circle. ada milkshake juga loh disini, free wifi. bukannya promosi. tapi blog ini berbayar. ga sembarangan juga foto lo masuk sini. kembali ke topik, masalah tempat nongkrong kalo ga ada ceweknya juga bikin gak asik banget. keliatan garing. gak kayak sekarang yang lagi maho depan kamera. udah ya sampek sini aja.
*RD* *NNA* Follow @Riyandrmwn
Juli 12, 2011
Tips dapetin pacar dalam seminggu
lo mungkin merasa kurang PD dengan keadaan sebagai orang yang gak laku-laku. Ya, buat lo yang jomblo gue ada sedikit tips buat dapetin pacar yang cantik montok seksi sekaligus dalam waktu seminggu. Percuma dong motor bagus-bagus tapi gak ada yang ngerangkul dari belakang. Tips ini gak sembarangan lho sodara-sodara. Di jamin seminggu lo bakal dapet pacar sesuai kriteria yang lo idamkan.
Kapan lagi bisa ngedapetin cewek idaman lo dalam seminggu? Hari Pertama, lo wajib ke dokter spesialis wajah buat ganti wajah lo jadi kayak artis-artis hollywood. Hari Kedua, bawalah mobil punya lo atau pinjem temen lo kalo gak punya buat dipamerin di depan si cewek. Hari Ketiga, ajak si cewek ke restaurant buat dinner. Kalopun ada temennya mau ikut ajak aja sekalian adiknya, nyokap bokap-nya, tetangganya. Eh tapi inget mereka gak satu mobil sama lo. Cukup si cewek aja yang ada di samping lo. Hari Keempat, beli bunga mawar merah yang banyak terus lo kirim ke rumah si cewek. Hari Kelima, ajak si cewek nonton film horror di bioskop kalo bisa yang premier dong. Si cewek pasti ketakutan tuh. Tugas lo cuman ngerangkul si cewek buat dia ngerasa nyaman. Nah sambil ngerangkul lo bisa nikmatin cumbuan pertama dari si cewek gak pake basa-basi hehehe. Hari Keenam, ajak dia ke tempat hiburan malam. Lo bisa ajak dia buat joget bareng lo mesra-mesraan dengan lagu yang gak asing banget ‘JEDAG JEDUG JEDAG JEDUG’ . Inget jangan sampai malem karena lo bisa di marahi ortunya. Hari Ketujuh, ajak dia ke tempat paling romantis yang sudah lo pesen. Biar agak surprise, waktu candle light dinner lo taruh cincin di minuman si cewek supaya waktu dia minum ternyata dia nemukan cincin dari lo. Mulai deh lo katakan perasaan lo ke dia selama ini. Dijamin lo bakal di terima deh. Selamat mencoba yaaa !!
Juni 10, 2011
YRA
YRA merupakan singkatan yang bagus bukan ? Ya, YRA merupakan nama singkatan kucing milik gue. Gue gak akan menyebutkan panjangannya di blog kali ini. Dia adalah kucing yang baik, kadang juga suka ngambek lho kalo gue deket sama cewek lain selain dia. Dia pengen juga dianggap si pemiliknya seperti manusia tidak seperti kucing lainnya. gue suka banget sama kucing ini karena dia beda dari yang lainnya.
Agak agak bule dikitlah makanya rambutnya pirang. Sebenernya pada waktu bayi rambutnya berwarna hitam, karena sering main layangan mungkin mulai kering dan berubah warna kali ya. Oh ya, gue belum nyebutin jenis kelaminnya. Ya, dia seekor kucing betina. Hobinya nyanyi meskipun gue kagak ngerti dia nyanyi apa berisik banget emang kucing ini.
Cerita dikit pas gue bawa jalan-jalan kucing ini selalu gue jagain. Gue belikan ice cream dia malah seneng jingkrak jingkrak di jalan. Kucing ini agak nonong gitu kepalanya. Dari situ keseksiannya diperlihatkan untuk menarik sejuta umat manusia melihatnya. Uuuh so sekseh…
Belum ada fotonya sih, dia emang paling males liat kamera. Nanti kalo udah gue dapet foto genic nya gue post langsung deh :)
TIPS BERHENTI MEROKOK
Kadang kalian mikir, enak banget ya ngerokok untuk ngisi waktu luang. Tetapi sesungguhnya satu rokok itu bisa mengurangi jatah hidup kalian di bumi seminggu lho sodara-sodara. Bayangin aja sehari bisa ngabisin rokok 5 batang, sebulan 150 batang, kalian bisa-bisa ngehabisin rokok 1800 batang per tahun. Jadi, hidup kalian dibuang percuma dengan hanya menghisap rokok yang penuh oleh gas CO2. Dalam setahun kalian bisa membuang ± 34 tahun hidup kalian.
Karena gue mantan perokok, hal seperti itu sebenernya sangat tidak berguna bagi kehidupan. Cara menghilangkan rasa ingin merokok itu gampang. Pertama kalian harus berjanji untuk tidak merokok, karena dengan demikian kalian telah mensugesti diri kalian agar tidak merokok. Kedua, jauhi tempat yang mudah memacu kalian untuk merokok. Ketiga, lakukanlah kegiatan lain selain merokok, karena hal tersebut bisa membuat kalian lupa akan sebuah rokok yang mematikan. Itu semua telah gue lakuin dengan baik. Hasilnya juga sangat memuaskan lho sodara-sodara.
Selamat mencoba :) , jangan sia-siakan kehidupan kalian !! dan jangan lupa kasih komentar juga yaaa :)
*RD*
Follow @Riyandrmwn
Juni 07, 2011
BLOG PERTAMA GUE
Entah kenapa akhir-akhir ini gue kepikiran banget untuk ngebuat blog. Sebenarnya ada sih blog sebelumnya, tapi ngebosenin. Dulu gue nulis aja tinggal copy paste dari kata-kata punya orang. Nah buat apa coba nulis di blog tapi bukan karangan kita, melainkan karangan orang. Ibarat twitter gue ini follower tersembunyi. Keinginan pertama ngebuat blog sih waktu gue kelas 2 SMA. Gue liat temen sebangku gue lagi asyik buka blog miliknya. Mulai saat itu juga temen sebangku gue dianggap eksis di dunia maya. Gue tertarik untuk coba buat blog. Hasilnya emang memuaskan, tapi blog gue sedikit gak karuan karena templatenya yang kurang menarik.
Inspirasi juga gue dapet dari Raditya Dika yang hobinya ngeblog mulu yang sampe sekarang kuliahnya gak kelar-kelar. Sempat lewat sih di pikiran, “kenapa gue gak nyoba ngeblog juga kayak si radit. Berkat karyanya dia bisa jadi terkenal kayak sekarang ini. Kenapa gue enggak?”.
Dari kebiasaan gue nulis di twitter, gue coba deh berpindah ke blog. Mudah-mudahan blog gue kali ini bisa ngehibur semua orang yang rela nyempetin waktu buat ngebaca blog gue. WWW (wasalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatu) .
*RD* *bukan Raditya Dika* *tapi Riyan Darmawan* Follow @Riyandrmwn
Inspirasi juga gue dapet dari Raditya Dika yang hobinya ngeblog mulu yang sampe sekarang kuliahnya gak kelar-kelar. Sempat lewat sih di pikiran, “kenapa gue gak nyoba ngeblog juga kayak si radit. Berkat karyanya dia bisa jadi terkenal kayak sekarang ini. Kenapa gue enggak?”.
Dari kebiasaan gue nulis di twitter, gue coba deh berpindah ke blog. Mudah-mudahan blog gue kali ini bisa ngehibur semua orang yang rela nyempetin waktu buat ngebaca blog gue. WWW (wasalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatu) .
*RD* *bukan Raditya Dika* *tapi Riyan Darmawan* Follow @Riyandrmwn
Mei 06, 2010
ROCK
Rock music is a genre of popular music that entered the mainstream in the 1950s. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, country music and also drew on folk music, jazz and classical music. The sound of rock often revolves around the electric guitar, a back beat laid down by a rhythm section of electric bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as Hammond organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, synthesizers. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are sometimes used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form", it "has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody."[1]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, rock music developed different subgenres. When it was blended with folk music it created folk rock, with blues to create blues-rock and with jazz, to create jazz-rock fusion. In the 1970s, rock incorporated influences from soul, funk, and Latin music. Also in the 1970s, rock developed a number of subgenres, such as soft rock, glam rock, heavy metal, hard rock, progressive rock, and punk rock. Rock subgenres that emerged in the 1980s included new wave, hardcore punk and alternative rock. In the 1990s, rock subgenres included grunge, Britpop, indie rock, and nu metal.
A group of musicians specializing in rock music is called a rock band or rock group. Many rock groups consist of an electric guitarist, lead singer, bass guitarist, and a drummer, forming a quartet. Some groups omit one or more of these roles or utilize a lead singer who plays an instrument while singing, sometimes forming a trio or duo; others include additional musicians such as one or two rhythm guitarists or a keyboardist. Rock bands from some genres, particularly those related to rock's foundations in rock and roll, include a saxophone. More rarely, groups also utilize bowed stringed instruments such as violins or cellos, and brass instruments such as trumpets or trombones.
More recently the term rock has been used as a blanket term including forms such as pop music, reggae music, soul music, and sometimes even hip hop, with which it has often been contrasted through much of its history.
Rock and roll
The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various popular musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music.
There is much debate as to what should be considered the first rock and roll record. One leading contender is "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in 1951. Four years later, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top Billboard magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.
Rolling Stone magazine argued in 2004 that "That's All Right (Mama)" (1954), Elvis Presley's first single for Sun Records in Memphis, was the first rock and roll record., but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle & Roll", later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent. Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners, such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.
Rock and roll has been seen as leading to a number of distinct sub-genres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with "hillbilly" country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Buddy Holly and with the greatest commercial success, Elvis Presley. In contrast doo wop placed an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics (from which the genre later gained its name), which were usually supported with light instrumentation and had its origins in 1930s and 40s African American vocal groups. Acts like The Crows, The Penguins, The El Dorados and The Turbans all scored major hits, and groups like The Platters, with songs including "The Great Pretender" (1955), and The Coasters with humorous songs like "Yakety Yak" (1958), ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the period. The era also saw the growth in popularity of the electric guitar, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry, Link Wray, and Scotty Moore.
In the United Kingdom, the trad jazz and folk movements brought visiting blues music artists to Britain. Lonnie Donegan's 1955 hit "Rock Island Line" was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of skiffle music groups throughout the country, many of which, including John Lennon's The Quarrymen, moved on to play rock and roll.
Commentators have traditionally perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Richie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the payola scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the initial rock and roll era had come to an end.
Psychedelic rock
Psychedelic music's LSD-inspired vibe began in the folk scene, with the New York-based Holy Modal Rounders using the term in their 1964 recording of "Hesitation Blues". The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were the 13th Floor Elevators from Texas, at the end of 1965; producing an album that made their direction clear, with The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators the following year. The Beatles introduced many of the major elements of the psychedelic sound to audiences in this period, with "I Feel Fine" using guitar feedback; in late 1965 the Rubber Soul album included the use of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood" and they employed backmasking on their 1966 single B-side "Rain" and other tracks that appeared on their Revolver album later that year.
Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California's emerging music scene as groups followed the Byrds from folk to folk rock from 1965. The psychedelic life style had already developed in San Francisco and particularly prominent products of the scene were The Grateful Dead, Country Joe and the Fish, The Great Society and Jefferson Airplane. The Byrds rapidly progressed from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single "Eight Miles High", widely taken to be a reference to drug use. In Britain arguably the most influential band in the genre were The Yardbirds, who, with Jeff Beck as their guitarist, increasingly moved into psychedelic territory, adding up-tempo improvised "rave ups", Gregorian chant and world music influences to songs including "Still I'm Sad" (1965) and "Over Under Sideways Down" (1966). From 1966 the UK underground scene based in North London, supported new acts including Pink Floyd, Traffic and Soft Machine. The same year saw Donovan's folk-influenced hit album Sunshine Superman, considered one of the first psychedelic pop records, as well as the débuts of blues rock bands Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience, whose extended guitar-heavy jams became a key feature of psychedelia.
Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, including the controversial track "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and the Rolling Stones responded later that year with Their Satanic Majesties Request. Pink Floyd produced what is usually seen as their best psychedelic work The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival, the later helping to make major American stars of Jimi Hendrix and The Who, whose single "I Can See for Miles" delved into psychedelic territory. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's Surrealistic Pillow and The Doors' Strange Days. These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock festival, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts, but by the end of the decade psychedelic rock was in retreat. Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd were early casualties, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream broke up before the end of the decade and many surviving acts, moved away from psychedelia into more back-to-basics "roots rock", the wider experimentation of progressive rock, or riff laden heavy rock.
Blues-Rock
Although the first impact of the British Invasion on American popular music was through beat and R&B based acts, the impetus was soon taken up by a second wave of bands that drew their inspiration more directly from American blues, including the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds. British blues musicians of the late 1950s and early 60s had been inspired by the acoustic playing of figures such as Lead Belly, who was a major influence on the Skiffle craze, and Robert Johnson. Increasingly they adopted a loud amplified sound, often centred around the electric guitar, based on the Chicago blues, particularly after the tour of Britain by Muddy Waters in 1958, which prompted Cyril Davies and guitarist Alexis Korner to form the band Blues Incorporated. The band involved and inspired many of the figures of the subsequent British blues boom, including members of the Rolling Stones and Cream, combining blues standards and forms with rock instrumentation and emphasis.
The other key focus for British blues was around John Mayall who formed the Bluesbreakers, whose members included Eric Clapton (after his departure from The Yardbirds) and later Peter Green. Particularly significant was the release of Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton (Beano) album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States. Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, Blind Faith and Derek and the Dominos, followed by an extensive solo career that has been seminal in bringing blues-rock into the mainstream. Green, along with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, formed Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac, who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre. In the late '60s Jeff Beck, also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues-rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. The last Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page went on to form The New Yardbirds which rapidly became Led Zeppelin, whose early work was largely based on adaptations of blues standards. Many of the song on their first three albums and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs.
In American blues-rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack, but the genre began to take off in the mid-60s as acts followed developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included Paul Butterfield (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), Canned Heat, the early Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, The J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios, The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys, whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade. Blues-rock bands like Allman Brothers Band, Lynyrd Skynyrd and eventually ZZ Top from the southern states, incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock.
Early blues-rock bands often emulated jazz, playing long, involved improvisations which would later be a major element of progressive rock. From about 1967 bands like Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience had begun to move away from purely blues-based music into psychedelia. By the 1970s blues-rock had become heavier and more riff-based, exemplified by the work of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, and the lines between blues-rock and hard rock "were barely visible", as bands began recording rock-style albums. The genre was continued in the 1970s by figures such as George Thorogood and Pat Travers, but, particularly on the British scene (except perhaps for the advent of groups such as Status Quo and Foghat who moved towards a form of high energy and repetitive boogie rock), bands became focused on heavy metal innovation, and blues-rock began to slip out of the mainstream. Follow @Riyandrmwn
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, rock music developed different subgenres. When it was blended with folk music it created folk rock, with blues to create blues-rock and with jazz, to create jazz-rock fusion. In the 1970s, rock incorporated influences from soul, funk, and Latin music. Also in the 1970s, rock developed a number of subgenres, such as soft rock, glam rock, heavy metal, hard rock, progressive rock, and punk rock. Rock subgenres that emerged in the 1980s included new wave, hardcore punk and alternative rock. In the 1990s, rock subgenres included grunge, Britpop, indie rock, and nu metal.
A group of musicians specializing in rock music is called a rock band or rock group. Many rock groups consist of an electric guitarist, lead singer, bass guitarist, and a drummer, forming a quartet. Some groups omit one or more of these roles or utilize a lead singer who plays an instrument while singing, sometimes forming a trio or duo; others include additional musicians such as one or two rhythm guitarists or a keyboardist. Rock bands from some genres, particularly those related to rock's foundations in rock and roll, include a saxophone. More rarely, groups also utilize bowed stringed instruments such as violins or cellos, and brass instruments such as trumpets or trombones.
More recently the term rock has been used as a blanket term including forms such as pop music, reggae music, soul music, and sometimes even hip hop, with which it has often been contrasted through much of its history.
Rock and roll
The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various popular musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues, gospel music, and country and western. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the music.
There is much debate as to what should be considered the first rock and roll record. One leading contender is "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (in fact, Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm), recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in 1951. Four years later, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top Billboard magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.
Rolling Stone magazine argued in 2004 that "That's All Right (Mama)" (1954), Elvis Presley's first single for Sun Records in Memphis, was the first rock and roll record., but, at the same time, Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle & Roll", later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the Billboard R&B charts. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent. Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and crooners, such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.
Rock and roll has been seen as leading to a number of distinct sub-genres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with "hillbilly" country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Buddy Holly and with the greatest commercial success, Elvis Presley. In contrast doo wop placed an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics (from which the genre later gained its name), which were usually supported with light instrumentation and had its origins in 1930s and 40s African American vocal groups. Acts like The Crows, The Penguins, The El Dorados and The Turbans all scored major hits, and groups like The Platters, with songs including "The Great Pretender" (1955), and The Coasters with humorous songs like "Yakety Yak" (1958), ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the period. The era also saw the growth in popularity of the electric guitar, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry, Link Wray, and Scotty Moore.
In the United Kingdom, the trad jazz and folk movements brought visiting blues music artists to Britain. Lonnie Donegan's 1955 hit "Rock Island Line" was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of skiffle music groups throughout the country, many of which, including John Lennon's The Quarrymen, moved on to play rock and roll.
Commentators have traditionally perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Richie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the payola scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the initial rock and roll era had come to an end.
Psychedelic rock
Psychedelic music's LSD-inspired vibe began in the folk scene, with the New York-based Holy Modal Rounders using the term in their 1964 recording of "Hesitation Blues". The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were the 13th Floor Elevators from Texas, at the end of 1965; producing an album that made their direction clear, with The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators the following year. The Beatles introduced many of the major elements of the psychedelic sound to audiences in this period, with "I Feel Fine" using guitar feedback; in late 1965 the Rubber Soul album included the use of a sitar on "Norwegian Wood" and they employed backmasking on their 1966 single B-side "Rain" and other tracks that appeared on their Revolver album later that year.
Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California's emerging music scene as groups followed the Byrds from folk to folk rock from 1965. The psychedelic life style had already developed in San Francisco and particularly prominent products of the scene were The Grateful Dead, Country Joe and the Fish, The Great Society and Jefferson Airplane. The Byrds rapidly progressed from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single "Eight Miles High", widely taken to be a reference to drug use. In Britain arguably the most influential band in the genre were The Yardbirds, who, with Jeff Beck as their guitarist, increasingly moved into psychedelic territory, adding up-tempo improvised "rave ups", Gregorian chant and world music influences to songs including "Still I'm Sad" (1965) and "Over Under Sideways Down" (1966). From 1966 the UK underground scene based in North London, supported new acts including Pink Floyd, Traffic and Soft Machine. The same year saw Donovan's folk-influenced hit album Sunshine Superman, considered one of the first psychedelic pop records, as well as the débuts of blues rock bands Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience, whose extended guitar-heavy jams became a key feature of psychedelia.
Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, including the controversial track "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and the Rolling Stones responded later that year with Their Satanic Majesties Request. Pink Floyd produced what is usually seen as their best psychedelic work The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be-In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival, the later helping to make major American stars of Jimi Hendrix and The Who, whose single "I Can See for Miles" delved into psychedelic territory. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's Surrealistic Pillow and The Doors' Strange Days. These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock festival, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts, but by the end of the decade psychedelic rock was in retreat. Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd were early casualties, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream broke up before the end of the decade and many surviving acts, moved away from psychedelia into more back-to-basics "roots rock", the wider experimentation of progressive rock, or riff laden heavy rock.
Blues-Rock
Although the first impact of the British Invasion on American popular music was through beat and R&B based acts, the impetus was soon taken up by a second wave of bands that drew their inspiration more directly from American blues, including the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds. British blues musicians of the late 1950s and early 60s had been inspired by the acoustic playing of figures such as Lead Belly, who was a major influence on the Skiffle craze, and Robert Johnson. Increasingly they adopted a loud amplified sound, often centred around the electric guitar, based on the Chicago blues, particularly after the tour of Britain by Muddy Waters in 1958, which prompted Cyril Davies and guitarist Alexis Korner to form the band Blues Incorporated. The band involved and inspired many of the figures of the subsequent British blues boom, including members of the Rolling Stones and Cream, combining blues standards and forms with rock instrumentation and emphasis.
The other key focus for British blues was around John Mayall who formed the Bluesbreakers, whose members included Eric Clapton (after his departure from The Yardbirds) and later Peter Green. Particularly significant was the release of Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton (Beano) album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States. Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, Blind Faith and Derek and the Dominos, followed by an extensive solo career that has been seminal in bringing blues-rock into the mainstream. Green, along with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, formed Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac, who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre. In the late '60s Jeff Beck, also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues-rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. The last Yardbirds guitarist Jimmy Page went on to form The New Yardbirds which rapidly became Led Zeppelin, whose early work was largely based on adaptations of blues standards. Many of the song on their first three albums and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs.
In American blues-rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist Lonnie Mack, but the genre began to take off in the mid-60s as acts followed developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included Paul Butterfield (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians), Canned Heat, the early Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, The J. Geils Band and Jimi Hendrix with his power trios, The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys, whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade. Blues-rock bands like Allman Brothers Band, Lynyrd Skynyrd and eventually ZZ Top from the southern states, incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive Southern rock.
Early blues-rock bands often emulated jazz, playing long, involved improvisations which would later be a major element of progressive rock. From about 1967 bands like Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience had begun to move away from purely blues-based music into psychedelia. By the 1970s blues-rock had become heavier and more riff-based, exemplified by the work of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, and the lines between blues-rock and hard rock "were barely visible", as bands began recording rock-style albums. The genre was continued in the 1970s by figures such as George Thorogood and Pat Travers, but, particularly on the British scene (except perhaps for the advent of groups such as Status Quo and Foghat who moved towards a form of high energy and repetitive boogie rock), bands became focused on heavy metal innovation, and blues-rock began to slip out of the mainstream. Follow @Riyandrmwn
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